which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality? which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

d. brain circuits. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. d. frustrating the client. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders. a. psychodynamic became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. What are some issues facing the biological model? This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? 95. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. a. catharsis. a. modeling. b. self theory. What is this therapy? A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. 27. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. b. existential therapy. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: a. catharsis. A patient has social anxiety disorder. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. d. latent content. d. object relations. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. This is an example of behavior modification using: So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. Communication in the Nervous System. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. b. neurosis. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. Chapter Recap. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. c. client-centered Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. c. Beck. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. 55. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. d. hormone therapy. b. anal stage. d. secondary process thought. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. 2.2.1.3. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. 2.3.4.1. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. b. Neural transmission. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. 2.2.2. a. 56. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Figure 2.8. b. ego. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. c. psychoanalysts. Banduras Classic Experiment. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). d. classical conditioning. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. d. sociocultural. b. cognitive-behavioral 87. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. In the case of men. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. The perspective is overly precise. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. 31. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. 147. 39. b. hypotheses. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. Which is an example of latent content? This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. b. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. b. biological. 2.2.2.3. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. c. deep brain stimulation. b. exposure therapy. b. dendrites. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. 138. This is called the. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? I bet the bad behavior ended too. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. What about other students in the class that you know? During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. b. repression. 132. 64. 146. d. Freud. 110. b. ego. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. d. client-centered therapy. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. 48. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. c. gestalt therapy. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? b. exposure The point where this occurs is called the synapse. d. cognitive. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. What is it? c. ego. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. But before these diagnostic categories d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. b. 34. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. c. role-playing. b. focusing on the here and now. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. c. axons. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Some biological treatments produce significant undesirable effects. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. c. operant conditioning. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. Choose one answer. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. 44. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? Evaluating the cognitive model. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. b. cognitive-behavioral The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. 2.3.1.4. Consider your parents for a minute. Finally, acceptance techniques help reduce a clients worry and anxiety. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. 71. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. 3. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. The existential perspective. 106. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. Behaviorally test your thought. This approach to learning was called connectionism. Over time I learned that attention was good. 158. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. 2.3.2.5. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? 88. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. c. primary process thought. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. 19. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. d. case studies. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. c. unconditional positive regard. 99. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. a. existential All of the models include an element of the biological model. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. d. lend itself easily to research. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. 83. 145. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research.