Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Springer Nature. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. Pathophysiology. CAS Suhhova et al. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Mol Neurobiol. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Richter et al. 2013;73:4737. Interphone study group. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. 2013;34:58998. Google Scholar. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. radiations. & Hu, XJ. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Google Scholar. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. 2004;115:1490505. Dasdag et al. 2002;5:18995. [84] and Sharma et al. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Biomed Environ Sci. Electromagn Biol Med. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2016;53:210011. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. 2014;53:22230. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. 2011;18:32533. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Sareesh et al. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. 2016;397:2239. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. 2006;27:11926. PLoS One. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Am J Epidemiol. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2007;34:146779. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Neurobiol Learn Mem. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Neuroscience. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Finally, Hardell et al. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. 2015;36:4804. 1988;9:33745. Mol Brain Res. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Megha et al. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. 2002;13:11921. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. 2006;165:63644. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Yale J Biol Med. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. 2007;27:6024. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. 2012;25:1828. Bioelectromagnetics. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. 2009;72:20514. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Surg Neurol. 2000;6:18793. 2013;42:428. daily life. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Trends Neurosci. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. 2006;5:389. Cookies policy. 2015;140:23646. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. 2010;473:525. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. 2006;398:2537. Joubert et al. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. 2001;12:72931. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. J Environ Health Sci Eng. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. 2014;70:84555. Radiat Res. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. J Natl Cancer Inst. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. as it have a harmful side. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. 2005;161:3314. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. 2010;86:37683. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. 2012;112:1715. Synapse. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. 2002;57:2702. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? 2006;27:16471. 2012;31:25074. radiation with wavelengths. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Trends Cell Biol. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Electromagn Biol Med. Abe M, Bonini NM. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? PubMed California Privacy Statement, These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats.
Jicarilla Reservation New Mexico, Articles E