AHistory of American Magazines. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. 730-735 (2008). We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. The sign on the shores of England reads, John Bull The old reliable ship builder since 1861. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization. This cartoon is a virtual poster, or an emblem, of the colonialist mentality of the day. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. ), the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western civilization., Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 16, 1899. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons in Puck and Judge. title not id. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwideand this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. The banners of both side pronounce fidelity to the golden rule., Boxer banner (Chinese forces flags): Do not do unto others what you would not that others should do unto you. As these cartoons reflect, the U.S., itself a new colonial power, was particularly threatened by the rise of Germany as a rival in the Pacific. Mans Burden, emphasized its hypocrisy. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. Course Materials, Requirements, and Grading, https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. 'Explorers in Africa: To the Sources of the Nile') is a 1991 illustrated monograph on the European exploration of Africa. That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. In a striking Judge graphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. Co., Puck Bldg. Civilization warns Chinas passive emperor to stop the Anarchy, Murder, and Riot spread by Boxer insurgentsvisualized as a dragon crawling over the city wallattacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. This ca. The foothold in the Philippines brought China within reach. On the left, Minerva, goddess of wisdom and Western civilization, witnesses the debut. A number of critical cartoons of the time addressed the unsavory behavior of the civilizers themselves, and the disparity between doctrine and actions. Contemporary conflicts are spelled out over dark clouds. J. Ottman Lithographic Company, Printer, and Udo J Keppler. Skulls dot the landscape ahead in Lifes grim rendering. 14-27 (May-June 1999). Now there are thirteen on this one street! As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britains bloody war of conquest in South Africa. Imperialism in the Asia-Pacific,published originally inPeace Review10:3, pp. Is the item digitized? Having purchased the Philippines from Spain per the Treaty of Paris for $20 million, the Americans then had to fight Filipino resisters to benevolent assimilation. The Philippine-American War dragged on with a large number of Filipino fatalities, shocking Americans unused to foreign wars. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. How did the US attempt to justify Imperialism. ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. [Read Online]. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Esherick, Joseph. And, more subtly yet, it reflected the shift from the nations agrarian roots toward global engagement. The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. Some of the poorest provinces in the north were further stressed by a destructive combination of flooding and prolonged drought. S Summary is a official man just stand up over a land. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. - Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. National Endowment for the Humanties. Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). The president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, is portrayed as a barefoot savage, wild hair escaping from a dunce cap. John Bull Good 'evins! The Boer War Remembered.The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. Uncle Sam and his English cousin have the world between them. Victor Gillam,Judge, January 7, 1899. From the Cape to Cairo. For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. Boxer attacks on Western infrastructure and the siege of foreign diplomats in Beijing gave the international powers a pretext for entering China with military force. available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. In Pucks October 19, 1898 cover, Civilization holds China by his queue, labeled Worn Out Traditions, ready to cut it off with the shears of 19th Century Progress. The helpless mandarin tries to run away. (doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005), Faunce, Rev. Privacy Policy, Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elbert F. Baldwin, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. War on Earth. Illustrated by A. D. McCormick, with fold-out color map. 3, pp. December 10, 1892] Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through No known restrictions on publication. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. Reference staff can Co., Puck Bldg. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. Written over the battle clouds on the right, the Spanish-American War would have inspired the depiction of Columbia as an emerging military power. Source:Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War 16,000,000 yearly." Vultures hover above the procession, and the artifacts of past civilization are trampled underfoot at the rear. In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. All this for politicsis civilization advancing? Victor Gillam,Judge, February 3, 1900. Pucks caricature of Germanys Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. Cohen, Paul A. On the contrary, they reflected intense debates about civilization, progress, and the white mans burden that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. As the American West was absorbed and the continent consolidated, the mandate of Manifest Destiny shifted from territorial to commercial expansion beyond contiguous borders. 11 [-21]. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. wotever 'll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right along? Louis Dalrymple,Puck, July 24, 1895. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. The U.S. appears to be carried by the Philippines, Great Britain by India, and Germany by Africa. Library of Congress Duplication Services. International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. [Read Online]. Vol. Publisher. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. Smith, Arthur Henderson. 12, Issue 1, pp. Keppler, U. J. Colonists--British--1900-1910. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. Does the artist portray imperialism in a positive or negative light? , 1902. Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. In his hand, he holds a telegraph wire, which he wanted to build along with the . Page updated: In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, ppmsca 25696 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.25696. The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. Date 1902 December 10. Uncle Sam was portrayed both with youthful energy and as a paternal older figure straining to follow in John Bulls footsteps as he took up the White Mans Burden., After Many Years: The Great Rapprochement. - Scene The Congo Free State; artist: Linley Sambourne. Now clad in armor and carrying a spear, she threatens to intervene to stop the anti-foreign, anti-Christian acts of anarchy, murder, and riot that have spread to Beijing. Citing Primary Sources. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). record ("About This Item") with your request. Source: Library of Congress. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. Prints and Photographs division. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. Vol 172 (February 1901). Cecil John Rhodes was born on 5 July 1853 in the small hamlet of Bishops Stortford, England. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. (1902) From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Photograph. The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. The cause of the explosion is still undetermined. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. No quarter will be given! Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. Ricard, Serge. The satirical weekly, Simplicissimus, flourished from 1896 to 1967 with a hiatus from 1944 to 1954. 5 vols. - The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. All are erstwhile British soldiers. Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? Mish Mish Effendi cartoon 1930s. Rhodesia Railways. Chinas hapless young Manchu emperor, traditionally and exotically robed, sits passively in the foreground. The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library, The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. You will probably need to use the links or conduct additional research to find the information to answer these questions. Download Image of From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler.. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. The Rhodes Colossus Striding From Cape Town To Cairo Analysis Eliza Herrenkohl My eye was first drawn to the man's facial expression and his helmet with his arms spread wide. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in Illus. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. In his right hand Rhodes holds a pith helmet with a rifle slung around his right shoulder. The White (!) 2. Prisoners will not be taken! the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog The war with the Boers (who were ethnically Dutch and Afrikaans-speaking) took place in the South African Republic (Transvaal) and Orange Free State. 77-99 (2011). In this activity, you will first analyze political cartoons about imperialism, and then create your own anti-imperialist cartoon. Driven by competition with each other and economic pressures at home, the worlds major powers ventured to ever-distant lands to spread their religion, culture, power, and sources of profits. Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published by Life in April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. Its colonies were acquired through purchase, agreements with other world powers, and economic domination. The small print under this graphic quoted these lines from McKinleys speech: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers., William! This will help reinforce what youve already learned about imperialism and will give you more insight into both the minds of the imperialists as well as those who rejected this type of domination. color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. Photograph. Purpose In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. World powers competing for spheres of influence within her borders had grown ever bolder in their demands as the Qing rulers appeared increasingly weak. ***, Topic: History 125 Virtual Edition Keppler, Udo J., Artist. (ISSN 1961-9898). such as microfilm or copy prints? Brewer, Susan. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). China, shown gripping a schoolbook in the doorway, has not yet entered the scene. From the Cape to Cairo Collection: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Description: Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. to our monthly Newsletter to learn and link to the content of each issue. The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. It Ought to be a Happy New Year. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. 83-108 (2006). The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. ***Appointments are virtual, but we can schedule in-person if needed. Translated from Russian. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). in: Puck, v . - Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. As the Heathen See Us A Meeting of the Chinese Foreign Missions Society. John S. Pughe,Puck, November 21, 1900. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, ppmsca 25696 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.25696. | Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. Rudyard Kiplings famous poem The White Mans Burden was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of civilization and progress to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. U.S. On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign watersfar from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the timeby defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. Jacobs joined the Cape of Good Hope SPCA this week. On February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. Life published many graphics that showed the humanitarian costs inflicted by war and political aggressiondespoliation, looting, concentration camps, torture, and genocideoften awkwardly interspersed amongst humorous sketches and domestic scenes. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Includes bibliographical references and index. Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). Mott, Frank Luther. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress, Puck on occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). 301-314 (2010). In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. 1345 (1902 December 10), centerfold. The Maine had been dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. [View Extract].
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