In the 207th letter Ipte praises Baal of the sun, for delivering him in battle against the Apiru. The name Cushan is considered a translation for Kassite or northwest Mesopotamia. 17-22. Gasche et al. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, were repulsed by Hammurabis son, but secured holdings within the Tigris-Euphrates valley on the northern frontiers of Babylonia and later established the second Babylonian dynasty. Bible History - C. 1404-1062 BC From the beginning, we have great leaders of the people such as Abraham, Joseph, Moses, and Joshua. The fall of Babylon is reported by a number of ancient sources, including the Cyrus Cylinder, the Greek historian Herodotus, as well as a number of books in the Old Testament. They introduced war chariots, The Kassites were defeated by the Elamites in 1157 B.C. Kassites eventually depose him, but damage has been done to the irrigation system. Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. While the term Kushite is generally understood as meaning black African, several places in the Bible refer to other locations as Kush, including Midian, the home of Moses' wife Zipporah. Remember that Hebrews existed before the Egyptian captivity. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. There were 36 kings in this dynasty ruling 576 years and 9 months. 415 f.). Mesopotamian History and This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). Who are the Ethiopian people in the Bible? 3 of the lines in the inscription refer to Canaanite lands/peoples. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC (middle chronology). Kish in the Kassite Period (c. 1650-1150 B.C. This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. Volume 1 Kardunia. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. 42-122, 2022, Buchanan, Briggs. The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. 1, 2006, pp. Charpin, 1995). The opinion of W. Eilers (1957-58, pp. See also IRAN vii. Other revealing information is provided by the Amarna letters, which include correspondence from the Kassite Babylonian kings to the Egyptian pharaohs of the mid-fourteenth century BC. Louvre Museum, reference AO 22355, (Shamshi-Adad dynasty18081736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Ramose was her father. J. Oelsner, Landvergabe im kassitischen Babylonien, in M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komorczy, M. T. Larsen, and J. N. Postgate, eds., Societies and Languages in the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I.M. 31-51. Archaeologists divide it into three periods, Early Kassite (pre c. 1415 BC), Middle Kassite (c 1415 BC - 1225 BC), and Late Kassite (c. 1225 BC - 1155 BC). This was followed by Dynasty II of Isin (1169-1039 b.c. 7 f.) maintains that (1) the real owner of the country was the king, who granted land, and at least at the beginning of the Kassite period there was no land tenure outside of crown grant; (2) persons holding landed property had to perform certain duties to the king; exemption was possible only by royal decree. They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. [2] A dynasty of Kassite origin ruled Babylonia starting with the fifteenth century BCE. 283304, Armstrong, James A.. "15. Kassite kings ruled for about 400 years. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. J. Fincke, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Nuzi-Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 10, Wiesbaden, 1993. A Kassite Cylinder Seal from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 14155, Hjlund, Flemming. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. According to the accounts in Genesis, and the dates that follow throughout the entirety of the era of Kings and Judges, the Exodus occurred in 1312bce, which is 2448 years from the creation of Adam. Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1990. After this point, the Kassites had faded into obscurity. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. (2011, August 03). J. van Dijk, Die dynastischen Heiraten zwischen Kassiten und Elamern: eine verhngnisvolle Politik, Orientalia, N.S. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. 95 ff. 54, 1992, pp. Several Kassite tribes and clans bore Akkadian and atypical names (Sassmannshausen, 2001, pp. 1-48. When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). [20] Other important centers during the Kassite period were Larsa, Sippar and Susa. The original abodes of the Kassites are not known. del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. The commonly held opinion that they originated from the Zagros mountains east of Babylonia (see, e.g., Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Heinz, 1995, p. 167) is based on the assumption that their geographical distribution before they took over the Babylonian alluvium was the same as their distribution after the demise of the Kassite rule in Babylonia. Since the word Hebrew is a poor transliteration of the word Ivri (pronounced ihv`ree) it is a stretch to say that the word Apiru or Habiru is from the same source. K. Nashef, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 5, Wiesbaden, 1982. MacGinnis, J. Slavery was common, but not the dominant factor of the workforce. the Kassites, take over this region, and you can see them . [21] At the site of Isin, which had been abandoned after the time of Samsu-iluna, major rebuilding work occurred on the religious district including the temple of Gula. After Hammurabi, Babylon was taken by the Kassites who called the city Karanduniash. Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? 2, pp. The work at Isin was initated by Kurigalzu I and continued by Kadashman-Enlil I, and after a lapse, by Adad-shuma-usur and Meli-Shipak II. What type of medicine do you put on a burn? Ancient Jerusalem - Interactive Study of Jerusalem with Map. First Century Israel Map - This garden was cited as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by the historian Herodotus. Sassmannshausen (1999, pp. Map Store - Download High-Res Maps and Images, 2023, Bible History | All rights reserved, Middle Babylonian Period (1595 - 1000 BC). In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. This temple was probably one of the most important institutions of Kassite Babylonia. Did Jesus or The New Testament Authors Quote from The Apocryphal Books? West of Edin: Tell al-Deylam and the Babylonian City of Dilbat The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. The Kassites: An ancient Near Eastern people, the Kassites ruled Babylonia from from 1531 BC to 1155 BC after the fall of the First Babylonian Empire. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. 15-26. A new dynasty emerged about 1750 BC by a foreign people known as the Kassites. 4 Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? The Assyrians were great warriors. The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. Unique Circular Format see more in less space. 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Most of the documentation (ca. The dependents employed in these sectors received rations, the quantities of which were determined according to the recipients rank in the hierarchy. The fall of the First Sealand dynasty in 1460 BC created a power vacuum which the Kassites filled. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. [13] In total, about 12,000 Kassite period documents have been recovered, of which only around 10% have been published. However, tribal organization was not strange to the Babylonian society itself also in the Middle Babylonian period (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Kassites like never before. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. Idem, Studies in Babylonian Feudalism of the Kassite Period, tr. It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. However, the river is only 175 . There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. After acting as king of Babylon for a year (1220 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta I appointed a succession of puppet rulers, who controlled Babylonia for a decade. Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372381. Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . 38, no. "Ur:" The Kassite Period and the Period of the Assyrian Kings"." The governor of Nippur was in charge of an economic organization, which collected numerous agricultural deliveries and imposts from broad parts of Babylonia. Idem, Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millennium B.C., Iran 25, 1987, pp. 240-44. A.. "The Names of the Last Eight Kings of the Kassite Dynasty" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. (2012). Krishna was at once an incarnation of Vishnu and Shiva. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. Marduk was already the patron deity of the Babylonians before the Kassites arrived, but this God was elevated to the position of supreme god once Babylon became a powerful Mesopotamian territory. It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. Chen, Fei (2020). The earliest occurrence of an individual with a Kassite name in Babylonia is from Rm-Sn Is 53rd year (1770 BCE). 2014. K. Balkan (1986, pp. ; Sassmannshausen, 2000, pp. They include administrative and legal texts, letters, seal inscriptions, private votive inscriptions, and even a literary text (usually identified as a fragment of a historical epic). The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. Richardson (2002, p. 54) points out that southern Mesopotamian refugees were absorbed in the northern cities, whereas members of non-Mesopotamian population groups, such as Kassites, Elamites, and West Semitic semi-nomads (Suteans, Ahlamites) were diverted to rural establishments, such as encampments and fortresses. 1/2, 1981, pp. Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the Second Dynasty of Isin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. how much did lawrence welk band members make; walmart distribution center pedricktown, nj 08067; smoked coffee beans on pellet smoker; power xl air fryer turn off beeping 71 ff.) Nearing the end of the letter, the king states that if no archers are sent, then Jerusalem will fall to the Hapiru (same as Apiru). BIBL 410 W EEKLY S TUDY Q UESTION 4 One Blood/Introduction to Abraham Answer thoroughly the following questions based on this module/week's Reading & Study material: 1. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. Paper, 1956, p. 252). Christ was an incarnation of Yah-Veh. 257 ff. [26] "Ethiopian" was a Greek term for black-skinned peoples generally, often applied to Kush (which was well known to the Hebrews and often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible). Kassite toponyms refer to three polities in western Media, viz., Nahi-marti, Bt-Kilamzah, and Bt-Kubatti. 209-23. Museum, B. The Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions and their Legal and Sociohistorical Implications". Kassite period, 14th century BCE. Unfortunately, many of those tablets have not yet been published, including hundreds held in the Ottoman Museum in Istanbul. Large Map of the Roman Empire in the Early First Century - Click around on the Places. 421 f.). This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline "Inscription of Kurigalzu I". In Mark William Chavalas (ed.). Many of the kings were popular rulers who became allies with other city-states within the region. There is not a single connected text in the Kassite language. Balkan, 1954, pp. Abraham was born in 1912bce, or 1948 from Adam, when Noah was 58 years old His son Shem was Malchitzedek, and Shems daughter was Tamar who became the mother Judahs twin sons (Peretz and Zarach). I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. 219-45. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. Volume 2 Kardunia. . The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. This God held this position for many years after Kassite rule hand ended. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. "2. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. Edzard, Jasubigallja, in RlA V, 1976-80, p. 271a. The horse, the sacred animal of the Kassites, probably first came into use in Babylonia at this time. Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. Jahrtausend v.Chr., Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 12/2, Wiesbaden, 2001. A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. 19, no. Though the map was inscribed long after the demise of Old Babylonia, archaeological evidence has proven it remarkably accurate in showing the . But the Kassites resumed control of Babylonia thanks to Elamite pressure and a successful Babylonian rebellion. 86 ff.). Original definition by British Museum. [35][36], The Elamites of the Shutrukid dynasty conquered Babylonia, carrying away the Statue of Marduk, in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. Possible traces of Kassites in Iranian nomenclature are negligible, for instance, Kagn, Kaakn < Kaaka@n, i.e., possibly "land of the Kassites" in Iran (see Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135). Krishna was the father of Abraham (Brahma). Your email address will not be published. The specific purpose and intent of this entry is to present research on biblical synchronisms; references to the same or supposedly same historical events from multiple cultures. This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. 4553, Paulus, Susanne. 137 f.), namely, that Kassite is related to Elamite, is unlikely. Brinkman, 1986). (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. The state sector, namely, the royal family, bureaucrats, priests, artisans, and attached labor (dependents and slaves of the palaces and temples), seems to have been the dominant one in the economy of Kassite Babylonia. (Non-dynastic usurpers17351701 BCE) They had some distinct words for their language, but they borrowed most of their dialect from the Babylonian people. There is good reason for thinking that the Kassites were once neighbors of Indo-Europeans, in view of some affinities between their pantheon and the Indo-Aryan one (see Bloomfield, 1904; Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 136 ad srya-). [59], Male head from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, Kassite, reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I. Iraq Museum, Door socket from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq. Judges 8:33 records that after Gideon died, the Israelites turned from the Lord and worshiped Baals and made Baal-berith their God. "uqamuna und u/imalija." MOSAIC GLASS FROM HASANLU, MARLIK, AND TELL AL-RIMAH. Journal of Glass Studies, vol. It does not store any personal data. Kassite. It contained a number of palaces and also temples to many Babylonia gods including Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta. ; De Smet, 1990; De Graef, 1998, pp. This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. D. R. Frayne, Old Babylonian Period(2003-1595 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. The Midianites were a biblical people who occupied territory east of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, and southward through the desert wilderness of the Arabah. The Kassites, controlled Mesopotamia from 1595 to 1157 B.C. The genealogies of the Bible reveal that intermarriage of the ruler-priests lines continued to the time of Jesus. One interesting aspect of these letters is that they are written in Akkadian cuneiform and not Egyptian. M. Hlscher, Die Personennamen der kassitenzeitlischen Texte aus Nippur, Imgula 1, Mnster, 1996. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. Remnants of two Kassite glass beakers were found during the 1964 excavation in a (c. 800 BC) destruction layer of Hasanlu, in northwest Iran. Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. bukaum), who received envoys of the king of Halaba (very probably Aleppo) in his encampment, was perhaps a contemporary of Samsiluna (see Podany, 2002, p. 49). There are numerous accounts in both Akkadian and Canaanite literature that speak of the religious nature of the area, which affirms the biblical accounts. The opening of Joshua, chapter 10, describes the King of Jerusalem being afraid because of the capturing of Ai and Jericho by Joshua during battle. During this time, Joseph was born and eventually sold into Egypt. ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. 251-54. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. 1570 or 1560 BCE; see Zadok, 1999-2000, pp. Volume 2 Kardunia. After the invasion of Tukulti-Ninurta I the Kassite rulers of Babylonia bore a mixture of Akkadian and Kassite names. 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. Their rule helped to shape many different aspects of the culture and religion was one major area where it was experienced the most. 8, 1966, pp. 1-8. 17 ff. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (5) KASSITE. The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp. [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. From the letters of Adbi-Heba it is clearly seen that he is having severe trouble with the Apiru. Moses birth was 80 years before the Exodus in 1392bce or 2528 from Adam. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. The Kassites strove to be integrated in the culture of the conquered land. What kind of government did the Kassites have? Balkan, 1954, p. 109). Its about events 700-1000 years later. The Early Kassite Period". This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. The Kassites were not referenced in the Bible but according to some Christian and Hebrew scholars a king named Cushan-Rishathaim was supposed to have been a Kassite ruler. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). Zamua, which was originally Lullubian (see LULUBI), had only one pertinent toponym, namely,Ban-ba-la, which may be the Kassite form of Babylon. If one judges by the onomasticon, the individuals bearing Kassite names were 7.72-5.31 percent of the general sample from Greater Media, i.e., the second group after the Iranians, whose percentage was 45.37-32.36 percent (see Zadok, 2002, pp. 412-18. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). 247 ff., 258 f.). The emergence of Assyria as a world power under Aur-uballi caused Burnaburia II to marry Aur-uballis daughter as his main wife. 224 f.). The attempt of A. Ancillotti (1981) to demonstrate that Kassite is originally an Indo-Aryan language is not convincing. Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. 470 f.; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 3 And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat . Once they made it to Babylon, they managed to defeat the weakened Babylonian city state and set themselves up as rulers. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Because I thought I believe so different from everyone else. World History Encyclopedia. 144 ff.). The Babylonian empire founded by Hammurabi was overthrown by the Kassites (whose origins are unknown) in 1595 BCE, the conquest following a Hittite invasion that sacked Babylon but did not stay to rule over it.Over the following centuries, the Kassites successfully . Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Information will be sectioned off into multiple posts, organized by date ranges. They acted along with palatial and temple ones (see Edens, 1994, pp. Their capital city was Dur-Kurigalzu. Balkan (1986, pp. The images were made by stamping or rolling the seals into wet clay. - C., Burna-Buriash Ier ensures its . A. Brinkman (1976-80, p. 465a) and W. De Smet (1990, p. 11) point out that the earliest evidence for Kassites is from northern Babylonia and west of it, viz., the Middle Euphrates and Alalah VII (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 466b). Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. 5 ff. 12.000 tablets, mostly unpublished) from the Kassite period is contained in an administrative archive which was excavated in Nippur and covers the period from ca. The Kassites were members of a small military aristocracy but were efficient rulers and locally popular, and their 500-year reign laid an essential groundwork for the development of subsequent Babylonian culture. Kassite traditions endured mostly in the private and familial spheres (see Heinz, 1995, p. 165).
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