By doing this, he established a particular way of looking at religious texts that persists in Christian thought today. The process of determining the biblical canon was begun by Jewish scholars and rabbis and later finalized by the early Christian church toward the end of the fourth century. The Catholic canon was set at the Council of Rome (382).[19]. Justin Martyr, in the early 2nd century, mentions the "memoirs of the Apostles", which Christians (Greek: ) called "gospels", and which were considered to be authoritatively equal to the Old Testament. Comparison Table The Ethiopian Bible includes the Books of Enoch, Esdras, Buruch and all 3 Books of Meqabyan (Maccabees), and a host of others that were excommunicated . Community Bot. Some of the books are not listed in this table. This included 10 epistles from Paul, as well as an edited version of the Gospel of Luke, which today is known as the Gospel of Marcion. The Syriac Orthodox Church and the Assyrian Church of the East both adhere to the Peshitta liturgical tradition, which historically excludes five books of the New Testament Antilegomena: 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation. The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Bible, such as the New American Bible Revised Edition, Revised Standard Version and English Standard Version. The Decretum pro Jacobitis contains a complete list of the books received by the Catholic Church as inspired, but omits the terms "canon" and "canonical". Some view it as a useful historical and theological background to the events of the New Testament while others either have little interest in the Apocrypha or view it with hostility. Also of note is the fact that many Latin versions are missing verses 7:367:106. Among the developments in Judaism that are attributed to them are the fixing of the Jewish biblical canon, including the books of Ezekiel, Daniel, Esther, and the Twelve Minor Prophets; the introduction of the triple classification of the Oral Torah, dividing its study into the three branches of midrash, halakot, and aggadot; the introduction of the Feast of Purim; and the institution of the prayer known as the Shemoneh 'Esreh as well as the synagogal prayers, rituals, and benedictions. [35], Protestant Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Jewish Hebrew Bible canon, known especially to non-Protestants as the protocanonical books) and the 27 books of the New Testament for a total of 66 books. The Jewish Tanakh (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible) contains 24 books divided into three parts: the five books of the Torah ("teaching"); the eight books of the Nevi'im ("prophets"); and the eleven books of Ketuvim ("writings"). The three books of Meqabyan are often called the "Ethiopian Maccabees", but are completely different in content from the books of Maccabees that are known or have been canonized in other traditions. However, this was not just his personal opinion. Of the Old Testament, although William Tyndale translated around half of its books, only the Pentateuch and the Book of Jonah were published. 81%correspondence to Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece 27th edition. [49], In a letter (c. 405) to Exsuperius of Toulouse, a Gallic bishop, Pope Innocent I mentioned the sacred books that were already received in the canon. While the narrower canon has indeed been published as one compilation, there may be no real, A translation of the Epistle to the Laodiceans can be accessed online at the, The Third Epistle to the Corinthians can be found as a section within the, Various translations of the Didache can be accessed online at, A translation of the Shepherd of Hermas can be accessed online at the. Some books dropped out of Protestant Bibles in the early 19th century when Bible societies which were founded and supported initially by Protestants began printing Bibles for the masses. 66 Books of the Bible Additionally, modern non-Catholic re-printings of the Clementine Vulgate commonly omit the Apocrypha section. Protocanonical ( protos, "first") is a conventional word denoting those sacred writings which have been always received by Christendom without dispute. Moreover, the book of Proverbs is divided into two booksMessale (Prov. For the biblical scripture for both Testaments, canonically accepted in major traditions of Christendom, see biblical canon canons of various traditions. It remained authoritative in Dutch Protestant churches well into the 20th century. Jesus recognized the canonicity of the Old Testament, that is, the very collection of books that you have in your . Other versions were used by fewer than 10%. The Canon of the Old Testament was set by the time of Jesus. [13] They regard themselves as the true "guardians of the Law." Despite many years of wrangling over the OT Apocrypha, the Hebrew canon handed down by the Jews still stands as the Bible known by Jesus and the apostles and therefore is properly . [note 2][81]. Highly idiomatic paraphrase / dynamic equivalence, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 21:05. ), while generally using the Septuagint and Vulgate, now supplemented by the ancient Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, as the textual basis for the deuterocanonical books. These books had been in the Bible from before the time canon was initially settled in the 380s. The books that make up the Bible were written by various people over a period of more than 1,000 years, between 1200 B.C.E. Improve this question. It seems we can't agree on how many books we should have in the Old Testament. The Pauline epistles were circulating in collected forms by the end of the 1st century AD. Canon 2 of the Quintsext Council, held in Trullo and affirmed by the Eastern Orthodox Churches, listed and affirmed Biblical Canon lists, such as the list in Canon 85 of the Canons of the Apostles. Other traditions, while also having closed canons, may not be able to point to an exact year in which their canons were complete. However, unlike in previous Catholic Bibles which interspersed the deuterocanonical books throughout the Old Testament, Martin Luther placed the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament, setting a precedent for the placement of these books in Protestant Bibles. These five writings attributed to the Apostolic Fathers are not currently considered canonical in any Biblical tradition, though they are more highly regarded by some more than others. Some Christian groups have additional or alternate canonical books which are considered holy scripture but not part of the Bible. It includes and accepts only the scriptures that are strictly in Hebrew. [25] The Anglican King James VI and I, the sponsor of the Authorized King James Version (1611), "threatened anyone who dared to print the Bible without the Apocrypha with heavy fines and a year in jail. A revised edition in modern Italian, Nuova Diodati, was published in 1991. The latter was chosen by many. The Book of Nehemiah suggests that the priest-scribe Ezra brought the Torah back from Babylon to Jerusalem and the Second Temple (89) around the same time period. The Belgic Confession[72] and the Westminster Confession named the 39 books in the Old Testament and, apart from the aforementioned New Testament books, expressly rejected the canonicity of any others. "[8] The practice of including only the Old and New Testament books within printed bibles was standardized among many English-speaking Protestants following a 1825 decision by the British and Foreign Bible Society. Certain groups of Jews, such as the Karaites, do not accept the Oral Law as it is codified in the Talmud and only consider the Tanakh to be authoritative. In fact, the ecumenical council of Florence in the mid-1400s reaffirmed their inclusion in the Old Testament canon. ), and we know that in the Rabbinic period a specific list of . These include the, Adding to the complexity of the Orthodox Tewahedo Biblical canon, the national epic. Included here for the purpose of disambiguation, 3 Baruch is widely rejected as a pseudepigraphon and is not part of any Biblical tradition. In 1826,[27] the National Bible Society of Scotland petitioned the British and Foreign Bible Society not to print the Apocrypha,[28] resulting in a decision that no BFBS funds were to pay for printing any Apocryphal books anywhere. The Ethiopian Bible is the oldest and most complete bible on earth.Written in Ge'ez an ancient dead language of Ethiopia it's nearly 800 years older than the King James Version and contains over 100 books compared to 66 of the Protestant Bible. IVP Academic, 2010, Location 147886 (Kindle Edition). Volume 3, p. 98 James L. Schaaf, trans. [37] And yet, these lists do not agree. [30][67] Sixtus of Siena coined the term deuterocanonical to describe certain books of the Catholic Old Testament that had not been accepted as canonical by Jews and Protestants but which appeared in the Septuagint. [27], Origen of Alexandria (184/85253/54), an early scholar involved in the codification of the biblical canon, had a thorough education both in Christian theology and in pagan philosophy, but was posthumously condemned at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 since some of his teachings were considered to be heresy. Both I and II Maccabees suggest that Judas Maccabeus (c. 167 BC) likewise collected sacred books (3:4250, 2:1315, 15:69), indeed some scholars argue that the Hasmonean dynasty fixed the Jewish canon. The growth and development of the Armenian Biblical canon is complex. This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 01:10. [86][87] Most of the quotations (300 of 400) of the Old Testament in the New Testament, while differing more or less from the version presented by the Masoretic text, align with that of the Septuagint.[88]. Trullo's Biblical Canon lists affirmed documents such as 1-3 Maccabees, but neither Slavonic 3 Esdra/Ezra (AKA Vulgate "4 Ezra/Esdras"), nor 4 Maccabees. The Jewish canon was written in both Hebrew and Aramaic, while the Christian . We have a fairly good idea about the date by which the books in the Jewish Bible (the same as the ones in the Protestant Old Testament) were completed (the latest seems to be Daniel, finished in approximately 165 B.C.E. From the first through the fourth centuries and beyond, different church leaders and theologians made arguments about which books belonged in the canon, often casting their opponents as heretics. With the approval of this ecumenical council, Pope Eugenius IV (in office 14311447) issued several papal bulls (decrees) with a view to restoring the Eastern churches, which the Catholic Church considered as schismatic bodies, into communion with Rome. Canonical Books of the Holy Scripture, "The Epitome of the Formula of Concord - Book of Concord", "The Biblical Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today", United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, "Are 1 and 2 Esdras non-canonical books? Note that "1", "2", or "3" as a leading numeral is normally pronounced in the United States as the ordinal number, thus "First Samuel" for "1 Samuel". The canons of the Church of England and English Presbyterians were decided definitively by the Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) and the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647), respectively. Some of these writings have been cited as scripture by early Christians, but since the fifth century a widespread consensus has emerged limiting the New Testament to the 27 books of the modern canon. [71] The Thirty-Nine Articles, issued by the Church of England in 1563, names the books of the Old Testament, but not the New Testament. In addition to the Tanakh, mainstream Rabbinic Judaism considers the Talmud (Hebrew: ) to be another central, authoritative text. Esther's placement within the canon was questioned by Luther. PROPHETS 44; Prophet Tree Prophet Timeline; Prophet Map; 1391 - 1271 BC Moses; 3 BC - 33 AD Jesus; 570 - 632 AD Muhammad; Aaron; Abel; The Bible, on the other hand, says that a person is saved by grace through faith. He wrote down the consensus of a larger group of religious authorities. Protestant historian Philip Schaff states: "The council of Hippo in 393, and the third (according to another reckoning the sixth) council of Carthage in 397, under the influence of Augustine, who. "[45] According to Lee Martin McDonald, the Revelation was added to the list in 419. "[13], The Samaritan Pentateuch's relationship to the Masoretic Text is still disputed. Although the history of the canon of scripture is a bit messy at junctures, there is no evidence that it was established by a relative few Christian bishops and churches such that convened at Nicaea in 325. Just as the Geneva Bible (published between 1560 and 1576) and the so-called King James Bible (1611) reflected and shaped English speech, so Luther's Bible is credited with being a decisive influence upon an emerging, shared New High German. The same Canon [rule] of Scripture is used by the Roman Catholic Church. [25] Likewise by 200, the Muratorian fragment shows that there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the New Testament, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them. The first Council that accepted the present Catholic canon (the Canon of Trent of 1546) may have been the Synod of Hippo Regius, held in North Africa in 393. Bible, Canon of the. Martin Luther. All of these apocrypha are called anagignoskomena by the Eastern Orthodox Church per the Synod of Jerusalem. Both Aphrahat and Ephraem of Syria held it in high regard and treated it as if it were canonical. However, those books are included in certain Bibles of the modern Syriac traditions. Theological Controversies, and Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy", Belgic Confession 4. In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, the Council of Trent (1546) affirmed the Vulgate as the official Catholic Bible in order to address changes Martin Luther made in his recently completed German translation which was based on the Hebrew language Tanakh in addition to the original Greek of the component texts. Like Luther, Miles Coverdale placed the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament. For the number of books of the Hebrew Bible see: Crown, Alan D. (October 1991). [21], Marcion of Sinope was the first Christian leader in recorded history (though later considered heretical) to propose and delineate a uniquely Christian canon[22] (c. AD 140). All the Council of Trent did was reaffirm, in the face of the new Protestant attack on Scripture, what had been the historic Bible of the Churchthe standard edition of which was Jerome's own Vulgate, including the seven deuterocanonicals! However, certain canonical books within the Orthodox Tewahedo traditions find their origin in the writings of the Apostolic Fathers as well as the Ancient Church Orders. Scripture was Scripture when the pen touched the parchment. Most of the deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament are found in the Syriac, and the Wisdom of Sirach is held to have been translated from the Hebrew and not from the Septuagint. When the Church fathers created the Christian Canon, they used the most popular version of the Hebrew Bible, which was the Septuagint, which was a translation into Greek. ", https://s3.amazonaws.com/tgc-documents/carson/1997_apocryphal-deuterocanonical_books.pdf, http://www.itsmarc.com/crs/mergedProjects/lcri/lcri/c_8__lcri.htm, "On Translating the Old Testament: The Achievement of William Tyndale", "Preface to the English Standard Version". Protestants and Catholics[85] use the Masoretic Text of the Jewish Tanakh as the textual basis for their translations of the protocanonical books (those accepted as canonical by both Jews and all Christians), with various changes derived from a multiplicity of other ancient sources (such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc. Farnsley, Arthur E. Thuesen, Peter J. https://www.americanbible.org/uploads/content/State_of_the_Bible_2015_report.pdf, The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts, Jewish Publication Society of America Version, New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh, New English Translation of the Septuagint, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protestant_Bible&oldid=1141593443, Development of the Christian biblical canon, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from January 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1526 (NT), 1530 (Pentateuch), 1531 (Jonah). Although he convoked the Council of Nicaea in 325, he was not even baptized a Christian at that point. Some Protestants use Bibles which also include 14 additional books in a . Summary Paraphrase of American Standard Version, 1901, with comparisons of other translations, including the King James Version, and some Greek texts. This canon remained undisturbed till the sixteenth century, and was sanctioned by the council of Trent at its fourth session. As a result, those books which were determined not to be included in the New Testament were of necessity considered heretical. "The Abisha Scroll 3,000 Years Old?". (Apocrypha). Among Aramaic speakers, the Targum was also widely used. The development of the "official" biblical canon was a lengthy process that began shortly before the Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D. Emperor Constantine commissioned 50 copies of the Bible for. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 19851993. The Book of Deuteronomy includes a prohibition against adding or subtracting (4:2, 12:32) which might apply to the book itself (i.e. Our Lord not only affirmed the Jewish canon of the Old Testament, He also promised to give additional revelation to His church through His authorized representativesnamely, the apostles. [26] Thus, while there was a good measure of debate in the Early Church over the New Testament canon, the major writings were accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the 3rd century. [4] Many modern Protestant Bibles print only the Old Testament and New Testament;[29] there is a 400-year intertestamental period in the chronology of the Christian scriptures between the Old and New Testaments. Likewise, the Third Epistle to the Corinthians[note 4] was once considered to be part of the Armenian Orthodox Bible,[95] but is no longer printed in modern editions. 2. In 1 Corinthians 9:20 - 21, Paul says, "To the Jews I became like a Jew, to win the Jews.". [33] Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles. The Hebrew Bible has 24 books. The Ethiopian Bible includes the Books of Enoch, Esdras, Buruch and all 3 Books of Meqabyan (Maccabees), and a host of others that were excommunicated from the KJV. [30] Likewise, Damasus' commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible, c. 383, proved instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West. Scholars nonetheless consult the Samaritan version when trying to determine the meaning of text of the original Pentateuch, as well as to trace the development of text-families. [31], In 331, Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople. [33], Although bibles with an Apocrypha section remain rare in protestant churches,[34] more generally English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular than they were and they may be printed as intertestamental books. For these reasons, nothing can be known with certainty about the contents and sequence of the canon of the Qumrn sectarians. Extra-canonical New Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either distinct to this tradition, or where they do exist elsewhere, never achieved the same status. Allegedly the Catholic Church added to the OT that Jesus used. In AD 367, when the official list as we know it today was recognized by the church, the church was not imposing something new upon Christian communities; rather, they were codifying the documents that contained the historical beliefs and practices of those communities. The Reliability of the New Testament Definition The biblical canon is the collection of scriptural books that God has given his corporate people, which are distinguished by their divine qualities, reception by the collective body, and their apostolic connection, either by authorship or association. Subsequently, some copies of the 1599 and 1640 editions of the Geneva Bible were also printed without them. 55% reported using the King James Version, followed by 19% for the New International Version, 7% for the New Revised Standard Version (printed in both Protestant and Catholic editions), 6% for the New American Bible (a Catholic Bible translation) and 5% for the Living Bible. [43], A 2014 study into the Bible in American Life found that of those survey respondents who read the Bible, there was an overwhelming favouring of Protestant translations. [83] The enumeration of books in the Ethiopic Bible varies greatly between different authorities and printings.[84]. There is a Samaritan Book of Joshua; however, this is a popular chronicle written in Arabic and is not considered to be scripture. The Protestant Bible is also one of the bibles of Christians, but it was transformed in 1534 CE when Martin Luther protested against the corruptions practiced in the churches. It is a revised version of the Christian Bible produced by Martin Luther and the protestants. [46][47][48], Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382 (if the Decretum is correctly associated with it) issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above. The Septuagint divided the books of Samuel, Kings, Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah each into two, which makes eight instead of four. [23], A four-gospel canon (the Tetramorph) was asserted by Irenaeus in the following quote: "It is not possible that the gospels can be either more or fewer in number than they are. However, it is not always clear as to how these writings are arranged or divided. Several translations of Luther's Bible were made into Dutch. Catholic theologians regard these documents as infallible statements of Catholic doctrine. However, the way in which those books are arranged may vary from tradition to tradition. The Great Assembly, also known as the Great Synagogue, was, according to Jewish tradition, an assembly of 120 scribes, sages, and prophets, in the period from the end of the biblical prophets to the time of the development of Rabbinic Judaism, marking a transition from an era of prophets to an era of rabbis. . James might well have been the first New Testament book written, in about 46 A.D. [5] The division between protocanonical and deuterocanonical books is not accepted by all Protestants who simply view books as being canonical or not and therefore classify books found in the Deuterocanon, along with other books, as part of the Apocrypha. We can say with some certainty that the first widespread edition of the Bible was assembled by St. Jerome around A.D. 400. Answer The word "canon" comes from the rule of law that was used to determine if a book measured up to a standard. A surviving quarto edition of the Great Bible, produced some time after 1549, does not contain the Apocrypha although most copies of the Great Bible did. They were more conscious of the gradation of spiritual quality among the books that they accepted (for example, the classification of Eusebius, see also Antilegomena) and were less often disposed to assert that the books which they rejected possessed no spiritual quality at all. The Old Testament books were written well before Jesus' Incarnation, and all of the New Testament books were written by roughly the end of the first century A.D. In 367 AD, Athanasius the bishop of Alexandria named the 27 books that are currently accepted by Christians, as the authoritative canon of Scripture. [22][23] The deuterocanonical books were included within the Old Testament in the 1569 edition. [76][77] Thus Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches generally do not view these New Testament apocrypha as part of the Bible.[77]. A biblical canon is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible. For example, it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists, and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus are examples of these Bibles. From Wycliffe to King James (The Period of Challenge) | Bible.org", The ReinaValera Bible: From Dream to Reality, http://www.tbsbibles.org/pdf_information/307-1.pdf, "Why are Protestant and Catholic Bibles different? [26] Similarly, in 178283 when the first English Bible was printed in America, it did not contain the Apocrypha and, more generally, English Bibles came increasingly to omit the Apocrypha.[10]. This question illuminates one of those painful intersections between theology and church history: the canonization of Scripture. The Synod of Jerusalem (1672) established additional canons that are widely accepted throughout the Eastern Orthodox Church. Brecht, Martin. "[24], By the early 3rd century, Christian theologians like Origen of Alexandria may have been usingor at least were familiar withthe same 27 books found in modern New Testament editions, though there were still disputes over the canonicity of some of the writings (see also Antilegomena). In many ancient manuscripts, a distinct collection known as the. Those codices contain almost a full version of the Septuagint; Vaticanus lacks only 13 Maccabees and Sinaiticus lacks 23 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah. Canonical Books of the Holy Scripture, The 1577 Lutheran Epitome of the Formula of Concord, "1. The Lutheran Apocrypha omits from this list 1 & 2 Esdras. With this background, we can now address why the Protestant versions of the Bible have less books than the Catholic versions. Some Ethiopic translations of Baruch may include the traditional Letter of Jeremiah as the sixth chapter. This process was not without debate. [63], Lutheran and Anglican lectionaries continue to include readings from the Apocrypha. NT: United Bible Societies' The Greek New Testament (3rd ed. Did Constantine canonize the Bible? Various forms of Jewish Christianity persisted until around the fifth century, and canonicalized very different sets of books, including JewishChristian gospels which have been lost to history. Martin Luther. Published September 30, 2019. In Eastern Orthodox Churches, including the Georgian Orthodox Church, Ecumenical Councils are the highest written determining church authority on the lists of Biblical books. In some lists, they may simply fall under the title "Jeremiah", while in others, they are divided in various ways into separate books. "Canon" comes from "reed or . 1-2 or 15-16), Wisdom, the rest of Daniel, Baruch, and 1-2 Maccabees, These books are accounted pseudepigrapha by all other Christian groups, Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox (Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Introduction), The Apocrypha in Ecumenical Perspective: The Place of the Late Writings of the Old Testament Among the Biblical Writings and their Significance in the Eastern and Western Church Traditions, p. 160, Generally due to derivation from transliterations of names used in the Latin Vulgate in the case of Catholicism, and from transliterations of the Greek Septuagint in the case of the Orthodox (as opposed to derivation of translations, instead of transliterations, of Hebrew titles) such, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 01:10, biblical canon canons of various traditions, Luther himself did not accept the canonicity of the Apocrypha, Reception of the book of Enoch in antiquity and Middle Ages, First, Second and Third Books of Ethiopian Maccabees, Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition, https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3814.htm, http://www.orthodoxy.ge/tserili/biblia/sarchevi.htm, BibleGateway.com: Sirach 52 / 1 Kings 8:2252; Vulgate, The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children, Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible, "The Twenty-Four Books of the Hebrew Bible and Alexandrian Scribal Methods", "Decree of Council of Rome (AD 382) on the Biblical Canon", Syriac Versions of the Bible by Thomas Nicol, "Corey Keating, The Criteria Used for Developing the New Testament Canon", "Chapter IX. Protestant translations into Spanish began with the work of Casiodoro de Reina, a former Catholic monk, who became a Lutheran theologian. There are numerous citations of Sirach within the Talmud, even though the book was not ultimately accepted into the Hebrew canon. Nathaniel is protesting Nathaniel is protesting. Christian Bible whose translation or revision was produced by Protestants, Apocrypha (not used in all churches or bibles), The Apocrypha is not included in editions of the ESV published by. In the same passage, Augustine asserted that these dissenting churches should be outweighed by the opinions of "the more numerous and weightier churches", which would include Eastern Churches, the prestige of which Augustine stated moved him to include the Book of Hebrews among the canonical writings, though he had reservation about its authorship. Schneemelcher Wilhelm (ed). The Didache,[note 5] The Shepherd of Hermas,[note 6] and other writings attributed to the Apostolic Fathers, were once considered scriptural by various early Church fathers. Some religious groups today accept the Bible as one of their religious books but they also accept other so-called "revelations from God.". 1538 Great Bible, assembled by John Rogers, the first English Bible authorized for public use 1560 Geneva Biblethe work of William Whittingham, a Protestant English exile in Geneva 1568. 1. The Protestant Old Testament includes exactly the same information, but.
Waffle House Manager Shirts, Articles W