bantu expansion genocide bantu expansion genocide

There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. The young woman, whose name was Nandi, was, with ageless injustice, cast out to give birth to her illegitimate child in exile. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. By Ellen Rubin. Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. } The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. cit. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. Their descendants have largely mixed with other peoples and adopted other languages. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. cit. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. We won't share your contact details with anyone. . However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. How can you have a Cracka, talking about African History?? It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. Bantu people were in far greater numbers and pretty much absorbed most of these groups. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. The Tutsi's . Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. I'd imagine it's the same way. Linguists, classifying the languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. Upon the death of his illegitimate father, the king of the minor Zulu clan, Shaka seized the ascension, killing all rivals, after which he began to build a society forged by war and bloodshed. [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. Keywords: Bantu migration, Great Lakes Africa, Bantu . It is connected with complex population movements starting north of Central Africa and led to the progressive colonisation of a vast area further south. Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z The date is contested, but most historians agree the Bantu Expansion began around 1500BCE. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. That's a bold claim. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. When they reached the Zulu shield-wall, they were so tightly bunched they could scarcely fight. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). Postulated millennia-long series of migrations. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. Roberts, A. D. Also when the Portuguese started buying slaves from Africa the Bantu Expansion was given a new boost. In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Sutton, J. E. G. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. The so called Bantu expansion or migration is highly suspect. For a year, the Ndwandwe licked their wounds. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. They are from Western Africa and East African countries like Tanzania. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. This monumental event has attracted significant debate and speculation that recent research has endeavored to resolve. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. [35] Other pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by AD 300 along the coast, and the modern Limpopo Province (formerly Northern Transvaal) by AD 500. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? These communities also integrated and intermarried with the communities already present at the coast. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. Again, you do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. Oliver and Mathew, op. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta.